def Refresh():
    """looks up symbols within the inferior and caches their names / values.

    If debugging information is only partial, this method does its best to
    find as much information as it can, validation can be done using
    IsSymbolFileSane.
    """
    try:
      GdbCache.DICT = gdb.lookup_type('PyDictObject').pointer()
      GdbCache.TYPE = gdb.lookup_type('PyTypeObject').pointer()
    except gdb.error as err:
      # The symbol file we're using doesn't seem to provide type information.
      pass
    interp_head_name = GdbCache.FuzzySymbolLookup('interp_head')
    if interp_head_name:
      GdbCache.INTERP_HEAD = gdb.parse_and_eval(interp_head_name)
    else:
      # As a last resort, ask the inferior about it.
      GdbCache.INTERP_HEAD = gdb.parse_and_eval('PyInterpreterState_Head()')
    GdbCache.PENDINGBUSY = GdbCache.FuzzySymbolLookup('pendingbusy')
    GdbCache.PENDINGCALLS_TO_DO = GdbCache.FuzzySymbolLookup('pendingcalls_to_do') 

def Call(self, position, function_call):
    """Perform a function call in the inferior.

    WARNING: Since Gdb's concept of threads can't be directly identified with
    python threads, the function call will be made from what has to be assumed
    is an arbitrary thread. This *will* interrupt the inferior. Continuing it
    after the call is the responsibility of the caller.

    Args:
      position: the context of the inferior to call the function from.
      function_call: A string corresponding to a function call. Format:
        'foo(0,0)'
    Returns:
      Thre return value of the called function.
    """
    self.EnsureGdbPosition(position[0], None, None)
    if not gdb.selected_thread().is_stopped():
      self.Interrupt(position)
    result_value = gdb.parse_and_eval(function_call)
    return self._UnpackGdbVal(result_value) 

def run(self, args):

        if not args.asm:
            try:
                print(gdb.parse_and_eval(args.what))
            except gxf.GdbError as e:
                exit(e)
            return

        fakei = "test %s" % args.what
        disass = gxf.disassembly.DisassemblyBlock(fakei)
        expression = disass.lines[0].get_expression()

        print(expression.format())

        try:
            print(expression.eval())
        except gxf.GdbError as e:
            exit(e) 

def stop(self):  
        rcx_val_raw = gdb.parse_and_eval('$rcx').cast(self.long_int)
        rcx_val = int(rcx_val_raw) & 0xffffffffffffffff
 
        fix = 2**64
        if rcx_val == self.sysenter_esp:
            print("[+] Reading RAX...")
            rax_val_raw = gdb.parse_and_eval('$rax').cast(self.long_int)
            rax_val = int(rax_val_raw) & 0xffffffffffffffff

            print("[+] Copy Chain initial ptr: %x " % rax_val)

            rax_val_str = "0x%x" % rax_val
            print("-----")
            memory_raw = gdb.execute("x/10g %s" % rax_val_str, to_string = True)
            content = memory_raw.split('\n')
            for row in content:
                if row:
                    data = row.split('\t')
                    print("%s\t%s\t%s" % (data[0], hex(int(data[1]) + fix), hex(int(data[2]) + fix)))
            print("-----")
  
            return True

        return False 

def get_reg(self, name):
        if name == "efl" or name == "eflags":
            value = 0
            for f in self.efl_map:
                if f in str(gdb.parse_and_eval("$eflags")):
                    value |= self.efl_map[f]
            return value
        else:
            reg_val = gdb.parse_and_eval("$" + name)
            if reg_val.type.code == gdb.TYPE_CODE_UNION: #SSE
                value = 0
                for i in range(8):
                    try:
                        v = int(reg_val["v8_int32"][i].cast(self.long_type)) << i * 32
                    except gdb.error:
                        break
                    value |= v
                return value
            else:
                return int(reg_val.cast(self.long_type)) 

def FuzzySymbolLookup(symbol_name):
    try:
      gdb.parse_and_eval(symbol_name)
      return symbol_name
    except gdb.error as err:
      # No symbol in current context. We might be dealing with static symbol
      # disambiguation employed by compilers. For example, on debian's current
      # python build, the 'interp_head' symbol (which we need) has been renamed
      # to 'interp_head.42174'. This mangling is of course compiler-specific.
      # We try to get around it by using gdb's built-in regex support when
      # looking up variables
      # Format:
      # All variables matching regular expression "<symbol_name>":
      #
      # File <source_file>:
      # <Type><real_symbol_name>;
      #
      # Non-debugging symbols:
      # 0x<address>  <real_symbol_name>

      # We're only interested in <real_symbol_name>. The latter part
      # ('Non-debugging symbols') is only relevant if debugging info is partial.
      listing = gdb.execute('info variables %s' % symbol_name, to_string=True)
      # sigh... We want whatever was in front of ;, but barring any *s.
      # If you are a compiler dev who mangles symbols using ';' and '*',
      # you deserve this breakage.
      mangled_name = (re.search(r'\**(\S+);$', listing, re.MULTILINE)
                      or re.search(r'^0x[0-9a-fA-F]+\s+(\S+)$', listing, re.MULTILINE))
      if not mangled_name:
        raise err
      try:
        gdb.parse_and_eval('\'%s\'' % mangled_name.group(1))
        return '\'%s\'' % mangled_name.group(1)
      except gdb.error:
        # We could raise this, but the original exception will likely describe
        # the problem better
        raise err 

def _Inject(self, position, call):
    """Injects evaluation of 'call' in a safe location in the inferior.

    Due to the way these injected function calls work, gdb must not be killed
    until the call has returned. If that happens, the inferior will be sent
    SIGTRAP upon attempting to return from the dummy frame gdb constructs for
    us, and will most probably crash.
    Args:
      position: array of pid, tid, framedepth specifying the requested position.
      call: Any expression gdb can evaluate. Usually a function call.
    Raises:
      RuntimeError: if gdb is not being run in synchronous exec mode.
    """
    self.EnsureGdbPosition(position[0], position[1], None)
    self.ClearBreakpoints()
    self._AddThreadSpecificBreakpoint(position)
    gdb.parse_and_eval('%s = 1' % GdbCache.PENDINGCALLS_TO_DO)
    gdb.parse_and_eval('%s = 1' % GdbCache.PENDINGBUSY)
    try:
      # We're "armed", risk the blocking call to Continue
      self.Continue(position)
      # Breakpoint was hit!
      if not gdb.selected_thread().is_stopped():
        # This should not happen. Depending on how gdb is being used, the
        # semantics of self.Continue change, so I'd rather leave this check in
        # here, in case we ever *do* end up changing to async mode.
        raise RuntimeError('Gdb is not acting as expected, is it being run in '
                           'async mode?')
    finally:
      gdb.parse_and_eval('%s = 0' % GdbCache.PENDINGBUSY)
    self.Call(position, call) 

def __call__(self, arg):

        try:
            value = gdb.parse_and_eval(arg)
        except Exception as e:
            raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(e)
        if value.address is not None:
            value = value.address
        return value 

def __call__(self, arg):
        try:
            value = gdb.parse_and_eval(arg)
        except Exception as e:
            raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(e)
        if value.address is not None:
            value = value.address
        return value 

def parse_and_eval(*args, **kwargs):
    if debug:
        print("[debug] pae: %s %s" % (args, kwargs))

    try:
        return gdb.parse_and_eval(*args, **kwargs)
    except gdb.MemoryError as e:
        raise gxf.MemoryError(e) 

def eval(self):
        return parse_and_eval(self.text) 

def try_eval(self, expr):
        try:
            return gdb.parse_and_eval(expr)
        except:
            #print("Unable to parse expression: {}".format(expr))
            return expr 

def try_eval(self, expr):
        try:
            return gdb.parse_and_eval(expr)
        except:
            #print("Unable to parse expression: {}".format(expr))
            return expr 

def get_sp(self):
        rsp_raw = gdb.parse_and_eval('$rsp').cast(self.long_int)
        return int(rsp_raw) & 0xffffffffffffffff 

def get_ip(self):
        rip_val_raw = gdb.parse_and_eval('$rip').cast(self.long_int)
        return int(rip_val_raw) & 0xffffffffffffffff 

def _to_int(x):
    try:
        return int(gdb.parse_and_eval(x).cast(gdb.lookup_type("long")))
    except BaseException as e:
        print (e)
        return None 

def print_stackframe(self, frame, index, is_c=False):
            if not is_c and self.is_python_function(frame):
                pyframe = libpython.Frame(frame).get_pyop()
                if pyframe is None or pyframe.is_optimized_out():
                    # print this python function as a C function
                    return self.print_stackframe(frame, index, is_c=True)
                func_name = pyframe.co_name
                func_cname = 'PyEval_EvalFrameEx'
                func_args = []
            elif self.is_cython_function(frame):
                cyfunc = self.get_cython_function(frame)
                func_name = cyfunc.name
                func_cname = cyfunc.cname
                func_args = []
            else:
                func_name = frame.name()
                func_cname = func_name
                func_args = []

            try:
                gdb_value = gdb.parse_and_eval(func_cname)
            except (RuntimeError, TypeError):
                func_address = 0
            else:
                func_address = int(str(gdb_value.address).split()[0], 0)

            out = '#%-2d 0x%016x' % (index, func_address)
            try:
                a = ', '.join('%s=%s' % (name, val) for name, val in func_args)
                out += ' in %s (%s)' % (func_name or "??", a)
                source_desc, lineno = self.get_source_desc(frame)
                if source_desc.filename is not None:
                    out += ' at %s:%s' % (source_desc.filename, lineno)
            except Exception:
                return
            finally:
                print(out)

            try:
                source = source_desc.get_source(lineno - 5, lineno + 5,
                                                mark_line=lineno, lex_entire=True)
                print(source)
            except gdb.GdbError:
                pass 

def boundary(self, symbols):
        '''
        Usage: 
            a) run chuckgetcopyptr
            b) set a breakpoint on POP RSP: 0xffffffff81423f82
            c) once the breakpoint is triggered run this script
        '''
        print("[+] Chasing the dispatcher chain...")
        finish = 0
        x = 0
        rsp_val_raw = gdb.parse_and_eval('$rsp').cast(self.long_int)
        rsp_val = int(rsp_val_raw) & 0xffffffffffffffff
        rsp_val_str = "0x%x" % rsp_val
        last_sp = rsp_val_str
        try: 
           while True:
                # stack pointer check
                x += 1
                rsp_val_raw = gdb.parse_and_eval('$rsp').cast(self.long_int)
                rsp_val = int(rsp_val_raw) & 0xffffffffffffffff
                rsp_val_str = "0x%x" % rsp_val
                print("%d) %s - %s" % (x, rsp_val_str, last_sp))
                if rsp_val - int(last_sp, 16) > self.THRESHOLD:
                    print("[+] last_sp: %s - current_sp: %s" % (last_sp, rsp_val_str))
                    print("[+] %d instructions executed!" % x)
                    break
                # we do not want to step into in a function call.
                rip_val_raw = gdb.parse_and_eval('$rip').cast(self.long_int)
                rip_val = int(rip_val_raw) & 0xffffffffffffffff
                rip_val_str = "0x%x" % rip_val
                if hex(rip_val).strip("L")[2:] in symbols.keys(): 
                    print(">>> %s:%s" % (rip_val_str, symbols[hex(rip_val).strip("L")[2:]]))
                    print(">>> instr %d invoking 'finish'" % x)
                    gdb.execute('finish')
                    continue
                last_sp = rsp_val_str
                gdb.execute('si')
        except Exception as why:
            print("[--- Exception ---]")
            print(why)
            print("[--- Exception ---]")
            return